The approaching deprecation of third-party cookies is drastically altering the space of digital promotion. Marketers are urgently seeking novel solutions to assess user actions without relying on these traditional methods. Techniques like privacy-enhancing technologies and leveraging device finge

The digital advertising landscape is increasingly plagued by ad fraud, eroding advertiser revenue and undermining consumer trust. This article delves the complexities of ad fraud through a comparative analysis of various schemes employed by fraudsters. We examine common types of ad fraud, such as